1 00:00:10,339 --> 00:00:07,179 [Music] 2 00:00:12,020 --> 00:00:10,349 hello everyone good morning it's really 3 00:00:14,330 --> 00:00:12,030 a pleasure for me to be here today 4 00:00:16,939 --> 00:00:14,340 giving this first lecture so thanks ray 5 00:00:19,790 --> 00:00:16,949 and the organizers for inviting me here 6 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:19,800 and today I'm going to be talking about 7 00:00:24,950 --> 00:00:23,130 Jupiter mostly its interior and the 8 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:24,960 things that we learn since we have the 9 00:00:30,769 --> 00:00:28,890 Juno mission out there so since this is 10 00:00:32,389 --> 00:00:30,779 the very first talk and even though I 11 00:00:34,940 --> 00:00:32,399 know everyone here knows a lot about 12 00:00:36,049 --> 00:00:34,950 planets I just want to say why it's 13 00:00:38,420 --> 00:00:36,059 important to study 14 00:00:40,430 --> 00:00:38,430 Dyanne planets well the thing is that 15 00:00:42,889 --> 00:00:40,440 these planets are the first ones to form 16 00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:42,899 in a planetary system and that's why 17 00:00:48,619 --> 00:00:45,510 they have very valuable information in 18 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:48,629 their interiors and their atmospheres to 19 00:00:54,860 --> 00:00:50,850 understand how these systems form and 20 00:00:57,350 --> 00:00:54,870 how they evolve in the case of our solar 21 00:01:00,410 --> 00:00:57,360 system of course we have four giant 22 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:00,420 planets mostly I would say Jupiter and 23 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:03,570 Saturn had a huge influence and the 24 00:01:07,850 --> 00:01:05,010 thing is that we want to know more about 25 00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:07,860 them not only because they were the 26 00:01:12,740 --> 00:01:10,500 first planets to form but also because 27 00:01:15,020 --> 00:01:12,750 they are so big they had a huge 28 00:01:17,870 --> 00:01:15,030 dynamical influence on the smaller 29 00:01:19,700 --> 00:01:17,880 bodies in the system as well so it's 30 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:19,710 really important for us to understand 31 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:22,290 the history of our solar system to know 32 00:01:28,490 --> 00:01:24,450 more about how these planets form and 33 00:01:30,740 --> 00:01:28,500 evolved so this is why of course we want 34 00:01:33,319 --> 00:01:30,750 to know more about Jupiter this is the 35 00:01:35,870 --> 00:01:33,329 biggest planet in our system and it had 36 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:35,880 a huge influence and we want to know 37 00:01:42,859 --> 00:01:40,770 much more about it now Jupiter is as I 38 00:01:45,770 --> 00:01:42,869 said the biggest one is the closest 39 00:01:47,660 --> 00:01:45,780 giant to the earth and there were many 40 00:01:48,499 --> 00:01:47,670 missions that went there we had the 41 00:01:50,660 --> 00:01:48,509 pioneers 42 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:50,670 the voyagers the Galileo probe that 43 00:01:53,359 --> 00:01:52,890 actually entered into the atmosphere of 44 00:01:55,999 --> 00:01:53,369 Jupiter 45 00:01:58,700 --> 00:01:56,009 we had flybys of other missions by 46 00:02:01,819 --> 00:01:58,710 Cassini the five I new horizons also 47 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:01,829 pass by we can see Jupiter with the 48 00:02:07,969 --> 00:02:04,890 naked eye and we can also serve it with 49 00:02:10,190 --> 00:02:07,979 very very like small telescopes so there 50 00:02:11,900 --> 00:02:10,200 is a lot of information that we have for 51 00:02:13,890 --> 00:02:11,910 this planet especially if we compare 52 00:02:17,039 --> 00:02:13,900 with exoplanets for example 53 00:02:21,210 --> 00:02:17,049 but still there are very key things 54 00:02:23,369 --> 00:02:21,220 about Jupiter that we don't know and the 55 00:02:25,229 --> 00:02:23,379 ones I'm more interested in than the 56 00:02:29,190 --> 00:02:25,239 ones I will be talking during these 57 00:02:33,509 --> 00:02:29,200 talks it's mostly first of all what is 58 00:02:35,910 --> 00:02:33,519 Jupiter made of and we know is mostly 59 00:02:37,949 --> 00:02:35,920 hydrogen and helium but we don't know 60 00:02:40,259 --> 00:02:37,959 exactly the amount of heavy elements in 61 00:02:42,089 --> 00:02:40,269 the interior of the planet and this is 62 00:02:44,580 --> 00:02:42,099 of course very important if we want to 63 00:02:48,390 --> 00:02:44,590 understand how and where it formed and 64 00:02:51,449 --> 00:02:48,400 how it evolved and also related to these 65 00:02:54,089 --> 00:02:51,459 I want to know how these heavy elements 66 00:02:56,339 --> 00:02:54,099 are distributed in the planet does it 67 00:02:58,229 --> 00:02:56,349 have a core or not which is the 68 00:02:59,670 --> 00:02:58,239 structure where all these heavies 69 00:03:02,220 --> 00:02:59,680 accommodated in the different layers 70 00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:02,230 within the planet which is the relation 71 00:03:06,180 --> 00:03:04,000 between the atmosphere and the interior 72 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:06,190 are there some things that we can say 73 00:03:10,770 --> 00:03:08,170 when looking at the atmosphere to infer 74 00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:10,780 the interior structure these are all 75 00:03:14,819 --> 00:03:13,150 questions that I want to know and of 76 00:03:17,039 --> 00:03:14,829 course will help us not only to 77 00:03:19,229 --> 00:03:17,049 understand our solar system but in the 78 00:03:21,390 --> 00:03:19,239 future if we think that planet formation 79 00:03:23,490 --> 00:03:21,400 is a general process we might try to 80 00:03:26,849 --> 00:03:23,500 understand exoplanets using these models 81 00:03:27,599 --> 00:03:26,859 as well so that's why I really want to 82 00:03:30,629 --> 00:03:27,609 know these things 83 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:30,639 and even though let me first give you an 84 00:03:34,949 --> 00:03:32,290 a spoiler I'm not going to give you a 85 00:03:37,199 --> 00:03:34,959 definitive answer on this because it's a 86 00:03:40,670 --> 00:03:37,209 very complex problem but we are learning 87 00:03:44,159 --> 00:03:40,680 many many many things about Jupiter DC 88 00:03:47,059 --> 00:03:44,169 now just to give you an idea of why we 89 00:03:50,069 --> 00:03:47,069 really needed another mission to Jupiter 90 00:03:52,439 --> 00:03:50,079 let me first say what the things that we 91 00:03:55,890 --> 00:03:52,449 knew before Jupiter and Juno arrived to 92 00:03:59,599 --> 00:03:55,900 Jupiter and this is a classical interior 93 00:04:02,640 --> 00:03:59,609 model of Jupiter that we used to to use 94 00:04:05,789 --> 00:04:02,650 there are other alternative models but 95 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:05,799 many people was using this one where do 96 00:04:11,729 --> 00:04:09,250 Peter had an outer atmosphere mainly 97 00:04:14,189 --> 00:04:11,739 made by molecular hydrogen and helium as 98 00:04:18,240 --> 00:04:14,199 I said it also has heavies but they are 99 00:04:22,110 --> 00:04:18,250 a tiny percentage of the atmosphere then 100 00:04:25,110 --> 00:04:22,120 we have an inner envelope mainly made by 101 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:25,120 metallic hydrogen if you see hydrogen 102 00:04:29,020 --> 00:04:27,050 has a phase transition it doesn't 103 00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:29,030 we Haven as molecular gas when we had 104 00:04:34,240 --> 00:04:32,000 very high pressure and also helium and 105 00:04:36,100 --> 00:04:34,250 helium is the abundance of helium in 106 00:04:38,439 --> 00:04:36,110 this layer is not the same one as this 107 00:04:41,619 --> 00:04:38,449 one and I'm going to be coming back to 108 00:04:44,529 --> 00:04:41,629 this later during the top I also put 109 00:04:47,680 --> 00:04:44,539 there a core even though has many of you 110 00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:47,690 may be heard there was a thing with the 111 00:04:52,510 --> 00:04:50,210 core of Jupiter that we really didn't 112 00:04:55,390 --> 00:04:52,520 know if to be there halep or because it 113 00:04:57,610 --> 00:04:55,400 was possible to actually feed all the 114 00:05:00,370 --> 00:04:57,620 observational constraints with no 115 00:05:02,290 --> 00:05:00,380 Corrado just be looting all the heavy 116 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:02,300 elements in the envelope of the funnel 117 00:05:06,850 --> 00:05:04,370 and then we were also able to reproduce 118 00:05:08,740 --> 00:05:06,860 the observables that we had so then this 119 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:08,750 was a big question because it's 120 00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:10,970 definitely not the same if the planet 121 00:05:16,779 --> 00:05:13,310 has a core or if it doesn't especially 122 00:05:18,820 --> 00:05:16,789 for formation scenarios and we also had 123 00:05:20,980 --> 00:05:18,830 a huge dispersion in the heavy in the 124 00:05:23,740 --> 00:05:20,990 rest of the heavy elements there were 125 00:05:25,959 --> 00:05:23,750 some models where we had very few heavy 126 00:05:27,760 --> 00:05:25,969 elements here and a big score some 127 00:05:30,399 --> 00:05:27,770 others where we have no core everything 128 00:05:31,990 --> 00:05:30,409 was looted there were also some models 129 00:05:33,909 --> 00:05:32,000 that didn't have this classical 130 00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:33,919 structure but where they have like 131 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:34,520 stairs 132 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:36,770 I like the model that Jeremy's I can't 133 00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:39,050 introduce a few years ago and then if 134 00:05:42,969 --> 00:05:41,360 you believe that there were many many 135 00:05:45,790 --> 00:05:42,979 more heavy elements that you could put 136 00:05:48,879 --> 00:05:45,800 here so there were huge uncertainties 137 00:05:50,409 --> 00:05:48,889 and just to show you an example this is 138 00:05:53,260 --> 00:05:50,419 a figure of a paper I made a few years 139 00:05:55,600 --> 00:05:53,270 ago where I'm showing here the mass of 140 00:05:58,959 --> 00:05:55,610 heavy elements in the envelope and the 141 00:06:00,279 --> 00:05:58,969 korma and you can see results depending 142 00:06:03,339 --> 00:06:00,289 on the equation of state that we were 143 00:06:05,260 --> 00:06:03,349 using this is a bit outdated there are 144 00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:05,270 new equations of state now that are not 145 00:06:09,399 --> 00:06:07,520 included here so this is just for you to 146 00:06:12,399 --> 00:06:09,409 have an idea of the state of the earth 147 00:06:14,200 --> 00:06:12,409 before Juno arrives to Jupiter so you 148 00:06:17,290 --> 00:06:14,210 can see that there were big differences 149 00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:17,300 for example we have like as either a 150 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:19,430 very big core and a small amount of 151 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:22,490 heavy elements in the envelope or even 152 00:06:28,689 --> 00:06:25,370 zero core and the rest of the materials 153 00:06:32,980 --> 00:06:28,699 are included in the envelope itself so 154 00:06:35,620 --> 00:06:32,990 we needed to improve two things first we 155 00:06:37,420 --> 00:06:35,630 needed better methods better numerical 156 00:06:39,850 --> 00:06:37,430 techniques a better model for the 157 00:06:40,930 --> 00:06:39,860 interior of the planet and we also 158 00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:40,940 needed to have 159 00:06:46,090 --> 00:06:43,310 better constraint better observation and 160 00:06:50,770 --> 00:06:46,100 for that reason we needed a new mission 161 00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:50,780 and we thank you know out there so I'm 162 00:06:55,060 --> 00:06:53,120 going to say a few things about the 163 00:06:55,690 --> 00:06:55,070 mission just in case you haven't heard 164 00:06:58,600 --> 00:06:55,700 about it 165 00:07:01,500 --> 00:06:58,610 Juneau is a NASA mission it was launched 166 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:01,510 in 2011 and it arrived the Jupiter in 167 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:04,730 2016 so it's been there for three years 168 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:07,730 now and it's not only doing gravity 169 00:07:12,970 --> 00:07:10,490 science that is what I'm very interested 170 00:07:15,220 --> 00:07:12,980 in but it's also doing other great 171 00:07:18,430 --> 00:07:15,230 science he's measuring and the magnetic 172 00:07:20,350 --> 00:07:18,440 field of Jupiter the aurora and also 173 00:07:22,330 --> 00:07:20,360 doing atmospheric measurements that I 174 00:07:27,850 --> 00:07:22,340 hope we will be hearing more about that 175 00:07:31,570 --> 00:07:27,860 in the next year so it also has a very 176 00:07:34,270 --> 00:07:31,580 nice camera and if you haven't seen so 177 00:07:36,580 --> 00:07:34,280 far pictures of Jupiter I'm putting here 178 00:07:40,210 --> 00:07:36,590 some of them because they are just super 179 00:07:43,510 --> 00:07:40,220 beautiful and I had to show them so this 180 00:07:45,280 --> 00:07:43,520 is a time-lapse that was made by Jean 181 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:45,290 Duran that is actually a citizen 182 00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:47,930 scientist where you can go to the 183 00:07:52,540 --> 00:07:50,180 website of Juno and download the raw 184 00:07:55,420 --> 00:07:52,550 images play around with and implode them 185 00:07:58,690 --> 00:07:55,430 again and this is an example piece so 186 00:08:00,580 --> 00:07:58,700 this is real Jupiter what Sean did was 187 00:08:03,820 --> 00:08:00,590 to change the beat the colors to change 188 00:08:06,700 --> 00:08:03,830 the contrast and in this way he got like 189 00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:06,710 this very nice definition of different 190 00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:09,530 features but this is real Jupiter before 191 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:10,850 you ask me is not that the colors are 192 00:08:16,750 --> 00:08:14,330 painted or anything so I think this is 193 00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:16,760 amazing we didn't have pictures of 194 00:08:21,280 --> 00:08:19,310 Jupiter like this once before and that's 195 00:08:22,750 --> 00:08:21,290 why I wanted to show them to you even 196 00:08:24,280 --> 00:08:22,760 though they are not adding to the 197 00:08:26,350 --> 00:08:24,290 science I'm going to be talking about 198 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:26,360 children's of the talk but I think they 199 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:28,850 are really beautiful and I have a few 200 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:32,450 more just one more slide of this here 201 00:08:37,270 --> 00:08:34,370 you can even see the clouds structure 202 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:37,280 you can see the turbulence that Jupiter 203 00:08:44,890 --> 00:08:41,210 has like this one sphere as well and 204 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:44,900 these are again just my favorite you can 205 00:08:51,610 --> 00:08:46,730 just go to the website and check all of 206 00:08:53,290 --> 00:08:51,620 them so we also seen some like these all 207 00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:53,300 these patterns we haven't seen those 208 00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:54,560 before 209 00:09:00,670 --> 00:08:57,170 thing is that the spacecrafts cassowary 210 00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:00,680 a 20-car always and in the pre job it's 211 00:09:05,019 --> 00:09:02,930 4,000 kilometers above the clouds of 212 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:05,029 Jupiter and that's why we have these 213 00:09:10,540 --> 00:09:07,730 very nice images because it's awesome 214 00:09:13,569 --> 00:09:10,550 very close to the planet we also could 215 00:09:17,290 --> 00:09:13,579 see the pole of Jupiter that we've never 216 00:09:19,179 --> 00:09:17,300 seen like this before and well you can 217 00:09:21,009 --> 00:09:19,189 see that the pole is very it looks very 218 00:09:23,980 --> 00:09:21,019 different than the rest of the planet it 219 00:09:25,929 --> 00:09:23,990 has all these cyclones around it also 220 00:09:27,999 --> 00:09:25,939 has this bluish colour that I don't 221 00:09:31,420 --> 00:09:28,009 think we've seen in Jupiter before us at 222 00:09:33,579 --> 00:09:31,430 least I haven't and since I'm showing 223 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:33,589 pictures of the pole I have this very 224 00:09:38,829 --> 00:09:36,170 last one that is not unbeatable but is 225 00:09:41,290 --> 00:09:38,839 on the infrared and where we can see 226 00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:41,300 here the pole and all the cyclones 227 00:09:45,790 --> 00:09:43,970 around these very very clearly I think 228 00:09:51,340 --> 00:09:45,800 this is one of the best images we have 229 00:09:54,309 --> 00:09:51,350 of the pole of Jupiter ok now let me go 230 00:09:56,499 --> 00:09:54,319 back not to the nice images but also the 231 00:09:59,350 --> 00:09:56,509 data that is actually as good as the 232 00:10:02,110 --> 00:09:59,360 images and the thing is that to do 233 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:02,120 interior models we usually use two 234 00:10:06,850 --> 00:10:04,610 constraints on the one hand we use the 235 00:10:09,220 --> 00:10:06,860 gravity field of Jupiter this release 236 00:10:11,740 --> 00:10:09,230 what we use to make our interior models 237 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:11,750 and on the other hand we also use the 238 00:10:15,879 --> 00:10:13,610 information we have for the atmosphere 239 00:10:19,809 --> 00:10:15,889 so I will be saying a few things about 240 00:10:21,939 --> 00:10:19,819 both first on the gravity field we can 241 00:10:24,369 --> 00:10:21,949 write the gravitational potential of 2 242 00:10:26,590 --> 00:10:24,379 Peter in this form where these are the 243 00:10:29,740 --> 00:10:26,600 Legendre polynomials and these are the 244 00:10:32,619 --> 00:10:29,750 gravity harmonics the harmonics that I 245 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:32,629 wrote down here are very relevant for 246 00:10:38,799 --> 00:10:36,410 two reasons first they give us 247 00:10:40,809 --> 00:10:38,809 information on the density distribution 248 00:10:42,879 --> 00:10:40,819 in the interior of the planet and this 249 00:10:44,860 --> 00:10:42,889 is what we want to know we want to know 250 00:10:47,650 --> 00:10:44,870 how the material is distributed in 251 00:10:50,139 --> 00:10:47,660 interior and second because the 252 00:10:52,239 --> 00:10:50,149 observations are expressed in these 253 00:10:54,850 --> 00:10:52,249 gravity harmonics so then this is what 254 00:10:57,040 --> 00:10:54,860 we get from the observation and that's 255 00:10:58,809 --> 00:10:57,050 why they are very relevant and you will 256 00:10:59,559 --> 00:10:58,819 be hearing about these during the rest 257 00:11:02,530 --> 00:10:59,569 of the talk 258 00:11:05,079 --> 00:11:02,540 so pay attention we have infinite 259 00:11:08,260 --> 00:11:05,089 harmonics we don't have measurement of 260 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:08,270 all of them so here is a cartoon 261 00:11:12,670 --> 00:11:10,970 also showing the relevance of each of 262 00:11:15,250 --> 00:11:12,680 them to give us information on the 263 00:11:17,470 --> 00:11:15,260 interior of the planet so if here we 264 00:11:19,930 --> 00:11:17,480 have the core and here we have the 265 00:11:24,190 --> 00:11:19,940 atmosphere you can see that the 266 00:11:26,680 --> 00:11:24,200 low-order J's J 2 J 4 up to j6 i would 267 00:11:29,680 --> 00:11:26,690 say give us information on the internal 268 00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:29,690 structure as well as the atmosphere if 269 00:11:34,750 --> 00:11:32,000 we go to higher and higher order J's 270 00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:34,760 then they give us less information on 271 00:11:39,040 --> 00:11:36,560 the interior and more information on the 272 00:11:42,370 --> 00:11:39,050 atmosphere so depending what we want to 273 00:11:44,620 --> 00:11:42,380 study with Jace we use it's not that if 274 00:11:46,329 --> 00:11:44,630 we have measurement of all of them we 275 00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:46,339 will know more about the deep interior 276 00:11:50,290 --> 00:11:48,560 because actually when we have higher and 277 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:50,300 higher order we know more about this 278 00:11:57,610 --> 00:11:54,290 outer part so this is kind of a summary 279 00:12:00,220 --> 00:11:57,620 of this if we look at the Oh low order 280 00:12:02,470 --> 00:12:00,230 J's we can study better the internal 281 00:12:05,740 --> 00:12:02,480 structure what I will call during these 282 00:12:08,290 --> 00:12:05,750 talks the static components and if we if 283 00:12:10,750 --> 00:12:08,300 we look at high order J then we can 284 00:12:16,660 --> 00:12:10,760 study more the deep atmospheric dynamics 285 00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:16,670 of the channel now we have other J's so 286 00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:18,800 far I've been talking about the even but 287 00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:21,890 we also have the old days and the reason 288 00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:24,050 why we usually don't hear more about 289 00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:26,510 this one is because if the planet is 290 00:12:32,220 --> 00:12:28,850 actually and hemispherical asymmetric 291 00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:32,230 then these ones are 0 for symmetry and 292 00:12:36,940 --> 00:12:34,310 usually the measurements that we have 293 00:12:38,560 --> 00:12:36,950 were not at they didn't have the 294 00:12:40,780 --> 00:12:38,570 sensitivity enough to measure these 295 00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:40,790 things and we didn't have object for any 296 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:43,760 of the China but now we could measure 297 00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:45,770 them with you know we do have 298 00:12:51,190 --> 00:12:48,170 measurements of the objects and this 299 00:12:55,540 --> 00:12:51,200 implies that the planet is not symmetric 300 00:12:58,060 --> 00:12:55,550 in the in both hemisphere so these days 301 00:13:00,100 --> 00:12:58,070 are actually very important because they 302 00:13:03,550 --> 00:13:00,110 give us direct information of the 303 00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:03,560 atmosphere Jupiter rotates in less than 304 00:13:08,290 --> 00:13:06,260 10 hours so it's a very fast rotator the 305 00:13:10,420 --> 00:13:08,300 interior we would expect that it rotates 306 00:13:13,329 --> 00:13:10,430 as a rigid body and kind of it's well 307 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:13,339 mixed so then the thing is that if we 308 00:13:17,620 --> 00:13:16,010 have any asymmetry in both hemispheres 309 00:13:19,030 --> 00:13:17,630 they are probably coming from the 310 00:13:23,019 --> 00:13:19,040 atmosphere 311 00:13:25,210 --> 00:13:23,029 and we also made something is not the 312 00:13:26,620 --> 00:13:25,220 nice cartoon I showed before but this is 313 00:13:29,050 --> 00:13:26,630 from a paper that was actually not 314 00:13:31,870 --> 00:13:29,060 published yet so don't post anything 315 00:13:34,269 --> 00:13:31,880 like this so the thing is that here is 316 00:13:36,189 --> 00:13:34,279 the contribution of the old days to the 317 00:13:38,079 --> 00:13:36,199 internal structures similar figures I 318 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:38,089 showed for the even J's but for the odd 319 00:13:44,889 --> 00:13:42,410 and here what you can see is that if you 320 00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:44,899 look at this number the objects are only 321 00:13:52,180 --> 00:13:49,070 giving us contribution in the outer 8% 322 00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:52,190 of the radio on D so then all the 323 00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:53,870 gravity signal that we are getting from 324 00:13:59,800 --> 00:13:55,730 this one are coming from the outer 325 00:14:02,129 --> 00:13:59,810 atmosphere so they are really a window 326 00:14:04,990 --> 00:14:02,139 to look at deep atmosphere of Jupiter 327 00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:05,000 and I will be again coming back to me 328 00:14:12,490 --> 00:14:09,170 now let me show you what we have before 329 00:14:14,470 --> 00:14:12,500 you know and what we have now so before 330 00:14:16,269 --> 00:14:14,480 you know we have measurements from the 331 00:14:18,730 --> 00:14:16,279 Pioneers the voyagers 332 00:14:20,740 --> 00:14:18,740 the way that we do this is analyzing the 333 00:14:22,660 --> 00:14:20,750 trajectory of the spacecraft around the 334 00:14:25,090 --> 00:14:22,670 planet and the anomalies are due to 335 00:14:26,530 --> 00:14:25,100 anomalies in the gravity field so then 336 00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:26,540 this is the information that we had 337 00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:31,040 before do know now we also have J a we 338 00:14:35,980 --> 00:14:34,310 have J 10 here is very 12 but this is 339 00:14:38,439 --> 00:14:35,990 the uncertainty SOI something we can use 340 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:38,449 they 12 let's say that we have up to J 341 00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:41,290 10 but we also have as I said 342 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:44,480 measurement of the odd days so this is 343 00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:46,850 all new that we had in the last three 344 00:14:51,819 --> 00:14:49,160 years and a bit less I would say because 345 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:51,829 this was published last year actually so 346 00:14:56,860 --> 00:14:53,690 then you can see all these red points 347 00:14:59,860 --> 00:14:56,870 are new information and is much more 348 00:15:01,900 --> 00:14:59,870 than what we had before so this allow us 349 00:15:03,910 --> 00:15:01,910 to study other things that we couldn't 350 00:15:06,509 --> 00:15:03,920 really study before because we just 351 00:15:09,879 --> 00:15:06,519 didn't have the enough information now 352 00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:09,889 we are also having very much better 353 00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:13,610 accuracy so then here I'm showing J 4 354 00:15:18,730 --> 00:15:16,910 and J 6 mostly because this is what was 355 00:15:21,490 --> 00:15:18,740 very important for the interior models 356 00:15:24,250 --> 00:15:21,500 and here what you can see is this point 357 00:15:26,379 --> 00:15:24,260 will be very large share regard that was 358 00:15:29,769 --> 00:15:26,389 everything that we had used in pioneer 359 00:15:31,569 --> 00:15:29,779 and Voyager data now there were as I 360 00:15:32,910 --> 00:15:31,579 said at the beginning other missions 361 00:15:35,129 --> 00:15:32,920 that also want to Jupiter 362 00:15:38,189 --> 00:15:35,139 we had the Galileo probe we had a 363 00:15:42,059 --> 00:15:38,199 Cassini that made a flyby if we add that 364 00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:42,069 information here this is what we get so 365 00:15:47,489 --> 00:15:45,040 you can see that this is very very much 366 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:47,499 better approximation that what we had 367 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:50,290 before and of course it helped a lot for 368 00:15:56,220 --> 00:15:53,410 us doing interior models now after only 369 00:16:03,150 --> 00:15:56,230 one orbit of you know like the very 370 00:16:05,220 --> 00:16:03,160 first orbit this is what we got and the 371 00:16:07,409 --> 00:16:05,230 thing is that Juno has a special orbit 372 00:16:09,239 --> 00:16:07,419 that was designed to have better gravity 373 00:16:12,449 --> 00:16:09,249 data and that's why we are getting this 374 00:16:15,569 --> 00:16:12,459 such amazing data and this is the best 375 00:16:19,229 --> 00:16:15,579 that we have now is not that I forgot 376 00:16:21,239 --> 00:16:19,239 the error bars they are inside here is 377 00:16:24,119 --> 00:16:21,249 that good the data that we are getting 378 00:16:26,009 --> 00:16:24,129 and of course this is really amazing 379 00:16:28,949 --> 00:16:26,019 because we are getting to know the 380 00:16:30,539 --> 00:16:28,959 planet much better it also implies some 381 00:16:32,609 --> 00:16:30,549 problems because we actually had to 382 00:16:34,199 --> 00:16:32,619 update and to work a lot in our interior 383 00:16:36,569 --> 00:16:34,209 models to catch up with this amazing 384 00:16:39,629 --> 00:16:36,579 information so we were working a lot 385 00:16:42,059 --> 00:16:39,639 during this year trying to use this 386 00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:42,069 amazing data as it should be and we 387 00:16:49,079 --> 00:16:44,290 still have a lot of things that needs to 388 00:16:51,749 --> 00:16:49,089 be done so now let me move to the other 389 00:16:54,090 --> 00:16:51,759 constraint that we use on the one hand 390 00:16:57,479 --> 00:16:54,100 we use the gravity data on the other 391 00:16:59,939 --> 00:16:57,489 hand we use the atmospheric data and for 392 00:17:03,569 --> 00:16:59,949 these I was just curious and I made this 393 00:17:06,269 --> 00:17:03,579 figure where we have the different main 394 00:17:09,870 --> 00:17:06,279 careers of the different elements for 395 00:17:12,750 --> 00:17:09,880 different temperatures at 0.1 bar okay 396 00:17:14,220 --> 00:17:12,760 so what I wanted to know is is this if I 397 00:17:16,199 --> 00:17:14,230 want to know which is the elemental 398 00:17:19,259 --> 00:17:16,209 abundance of carbon which element should 399 00:17:20,789 --> 00:17:19,269 I look at that's why I maybe figure so 400 00:17:22,889 --> 00:17:20,799 then you can see that depending on the 401 00:17:25,409 --> 00:17:22,899 temperature there are different relevant 402 00:17:27,689 --> 00:17:25,419 elements if we go to the temperatures 403 00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:27,699 that we had into bitter this is like 404 00:17:33,029 --> 00:17:30,490 here so if we want to know the carbon 405 00:17:35,129 --> 00:17:33,039 abundance we see we look at methane if 406 00:17:37,529 --> 00:17:35,139 we want to see the nitrogen we look at 407 00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:37,539 nh3 if we want to see oxygen we look at 408 00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:40,480 water if we want to see sulphur with the 409 00:17:46,700 --> 00:17:44,710 h2s and phosphorous pH 3 this changes a 410 00:17:48,980 --> 00:17:46,710 bit if we go to exoplanet 411 00:17:51,139 --> 00:17:48,990 jeans because if we go to hotter 412 00:17:53,570 --> 00:17:51,149 temperatures some of these are not the 413 00:17:55,940 --> 00:17:53,580 main carriers of the element and for 414 00:17:58,820 --> 00:17:55,950 example for hotel planets instead of 415 00:18:01,519 --> 00:17:58,830 methane we look at Co and also the water 416 00:18:04,430 --> 00:18:01,529 is a bit tricky and this was by the way 417 00:18:07,190 --> 00:18:04,440 I was checking these these are fuzzy 418 00:18:09,159 --> 00:18:07,200 limits and of course this depends on the 419 00:18:11,930 --> 00:18:09,169 main composition this is for solar 420 00:18:13,930 --> 00:18:11,940 composition and also this was for the 421 00:18:16,310 --> 00:18:13,940 second idiom chemistry so there are some 422 00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:16,320 things that might change here but this 423 00:18:30,470 --> 00:18:19,200 give us a broader idea and I'm losing my 424 00:18:32,930 --> 00:18:30,480 thing they are we okay so coming back to 425 00:18:38,149 --> 00:18:32,940 Jupiter this is what we are interested 426 00:18:41,149 --> 00:18:38,159 in and let me move forward and this is 427 00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:41,159 what we have so here I'm showing the 428 00:18:46,190 --> 00:18:43,200 different elements for which we have 429 00:18:48,380 --> 00:18:46,200 abundance is measured and here are the 430 00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:48,390 elemental abundances compared to the 431 00:18:53,810 --> 00:18:51,450 protosun meaning that if the abundance 432 00:18:57,440 --> 00:18:53,820 is one this will be the same one as the 433 00:18:59,779 --> 00:18:57,450 proton this figure was made like this by 434 00:19:02,169 --> 00:18:59,789 actually Susheela TRAI in in a very nice 435 00:19:05,149 --> 00:19:02,179 paper that he polished in 2016 and 436 00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:05,159 because we want to know how enriched are 437 00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:07,320 the atmospheres of the planets in our 438 00:19:11,360 --> 00:19:09,570 solar system compares to the proton 439 00:19:13,730 --> 00:19:11,370 because they form from the same nebula 440 00:19:16,130 --> 00:19:13,740 and we usually assume that they have the 441 00:19:17,899 --> 00:19:16,140 same composition even when we work with 442 00:19:19,430 --> 00:19:17,909 the exoplanets the first assumption is 443 00:19:21,409 --> 00:19:19,440 to say okay they might have solar 444 00:19:23,779 --> 00:19:21,419 composition or the same composition of 445 00:19:25,820 --> 00:19:23,789 say it starts but if we look at the 446 00:19:27,980 --> 00:19:25,830 planet in our solar system we see that 447 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:27,990 that is not the case they are actually 448 00:19:33,590 --> 00:19:30,570 and reached all of them compared to the 449 00:19:36,889 --> 00:19:33,600 program and there are some other 450 00:19:38,930 --> 00:19:36,899 peculiarities in this figure first you 451 00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:38,940 can see that for Jupiter is the planet 452 00:19:44,419 --> 00:19:42,510 for which we have much more data this is 453 00:19:46,940 --> 00:19:44,429 because we had this Galileo probe that 454 00:19:49,310 --> 00:19:46,950 entered in the atmosphere and made very 455 00:19:51,409 --> 00:19:49,320 nice measurements officially the noble 456 00:19:54,620 --> 00:19:51,419 gases that were measured in situ and we 457 00:19:56,750 --> 00:19:54,630 can not get in any other way so then if 458 00:19:58,840 --> 00:19:56,760 we look at hydrogen and neon 459 00:20:02,299 --> 00:19:58,850 you will see that these two are depleted 460 00:20:04,340 --> 00:20:02,309 compared to the problem and the reason 461 00:20:06,830 --> 00:20:04,350 for that is because there is a phase 462 00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:06,840 transition of helium in the interior of 463 00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:08,910 Jupiter that also happens in nature 464 00:20:14,690 --> 00:20:12,330 Europe pattern and helium the mixes from 465 00:20:17,090 --> 00:20:14,700 there from the hydrogen mixture it kind 466 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:17,100 of forms droplets that trap the neon and 467 00:20:22,250 --> 00:20:19,770 rain down and then we have a depletion 468 00:20:24,919 --> 00:20:22,260 of helium and neon in the atmosphere in 469 00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:24,929 an overabundance in the interior so this 470 00:20:30,380 --> 00:20:27,120 is really an important constraint for us 471 00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:30,390 doing interior models now if we look at 472 00:20:35,120 --> 00:20:33,090 the other elements for example there is 473 00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:35,130 a peculiarity here and if you look at 474 00:20:40,789 --> 00:20:38,070 oxygen we don't have measurement of 475 00:20:43,730 --> 00:20:40,799 oxygen for any of the giant planets in 476 00:20:46,580 --> 00:20:43,740 the solar system we do have one for 477 00:20:48,289 --> 00:20:46,590 Jupiter I'm sitting here the thing is 478 00:20:50,539 --> 00:20:48,299 that we have this measurement of the 479 00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:50,549 Galileo probe of water that was very low 480 00:20:56,180 --> 00:20:53,970 it was around here and what happened is 481 00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,190 that the probe entered in a dry spot and 482 00:21:00,770 --> 00:20:58,320 that's why we can not trust that water 483 00:21:03,289 --> 00:21:00,780 measurements very well and we hope we 484 00:21:06,470 --> 00:21:03,299 need to get that we do know but we don't 485 00:21:08,210 --> 00:21:06,480 have it now and the reason why we don't 486 00:21:10,549 --> 00:21:08,220 have any water measurement is because 487 00:21:12,980 --> 00:21:10,559 all these planets are very cold and the 488 00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:12,990 water is kind of hidden behind clouds of 489 00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:15,210 other elements in the case of Jupiter we 490 00:21:19,909 --> 00:21:17,280 have a lot of ammonia so then we should 491 00:21:22,340 --> 00:21:19,919 pass all that to actually go and see the 492 00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:22,350 water and that's very difficult to do 493 00:21:27,980 --> 00:21:24,390 and we haven't been able to do that so 494 00:21:31,159 --> 00:21:27,990 far now other interesting thing is that 495 00:21:35,210 --> 00:21:31,169 if we look at your another Neptune we 496 00:21:38,360 --> 00:21:35,220 don't know anything about those funds we 497 00:21:40,580 --> 00:21:38,370 just have one dot here and just to put 498 00:21:42,919 --> 00:21:40,590 this in context let me show you what we 499 00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:42,929 do know about exoplanets and I'm sure 500 00:21:48,710 --> 00:21:45,090 that you will you all know more about 501 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:48,720 this so I have to extend this figure to 502 00:21:54,620 --> 00:21:50,490 add all the water measurements that we 503 00:21:57,770 --> 00:21:54,630 have for exoplanets and here of course 504 00:21:59,810 --> 00:21:57,780 this is not entirely correct because I 505 00:22:01,909 --> 00:21:59,820 divided by the oxygen elements of the 506 00:22:04,010 --> 00:22:01,919 protosun and all of these planets were 507 00:22:06,470 --> 00:22:04,020 forming different stars so they probably 508 00:22:08,529 --> 00:22:06,480 have different metallicity so this was 509 00:22:10,899 --> 00:22:08,539 just to give an idea 510 00:22:14,379 --> 00:22:10,909 of what we have for exoplanets and we 511 00:22:16,599 --> 00:22:14,389 don't have for the solar system so this 512 00:22:18,789 --> 00:22:16,609 is just for context because I know that 513 00:22:22,299 --> 00:22:18,799 there is a lot of exoplanet clouds here 514 00:22:25,089 --> 00:22:22,309 and actually if I want to see this 515 00:22:28,209 --> 00:22:25,099 better here I put the mix in the water 516 00:22:31,419 --> 00:22:28,219 mixing ratio and there are metallicity 517 00:22:32,919 --> 00:22:31,429 of their stars for all the extra planets 518 00:22:36,609 --> 00:22:32,929 for which we have water measurement that 519 00:22:38,919 --> 00:22:36,619 are around 20 and here are the masses of 520 00:22:42,399 --> 00:22:38,929 these planets as a function of in 521 00:22:44,589 --> 00:22:42,409 Jupiter masses so here it will be around 522 00:22:46,389 --> 00:22:44,599 the solar system values right oxygen 523 00:22:50,079 --> 00:22:46,399 turbulence of the protosun and zero 524 00:22:52,779 --> 00:22:50,089 metallicity so we are observing quite 525 00:22:55,019 --> 00:22:52,789 different a big dispersion and we have a 526 00:22:58,749 --> 00:22:55,029 lot of information of these already and 527 00:23:01,659 --> 00:22:58,759 in addition to these four exoplanets we 528 00:23:04,809 --> 00:23:01,669 also have sodium we have potassium we 529 00:23:07,059 --> 00:23:04,819 have the oh we have helium detected so 530 00:23:09,909 --> 00:23:07,069 we are having a lot of information for 531 00:23:11,769 --> 00:23:09,919 this one we do know some exoplanets 532 00:23:14,199 --> 00:23:11,779 better than what we know Uranus and 533 00:23:15,879 --> 00:23:14,209 Neptune so we really should think about 534 00:23:19,539 --> 00:23:15,889 this and try to study those planets 535 00:23:23,889 --> 00:23:19,549 better because they are right here okay 536 00:23:26,859 --> 00:23:23,899 now we use all of these we use our 537 00:23:29,169 --> 00:23:26,869 gravity data we use the radius amount of 538 00:23:31,180 --> 00:23:29,179 the planet the abundance is that we have 539 00:23:34,149 --> 00:23:31,190 in the atmosphere especially Helio 540 00:23:36,039 --> 00:23:34,159 abundance is very relevant and in 541 00:23:38,499 --> 00:23:36,049 addition we have a model that explains 542 00:23:40,659 --> 00:23:38,509 in two year of the time where we assume 543 00:23:43,389 --> 00:23:40,669 hydrostatic equilibrium conservation of 544 00:23:45,099 --> 00:23:43,399 mass energy and the planet we assume 545 00:23:47,079 --> 00:23:45,109 that we have convection inside although 546 00:23:49,239 --> 00:23:47,089 that might also change and I will be 547 00:23:55,569 --> 00:23:49,249 coming back to that again in this thing 548 00:23:58,539 --> 00:23:55,579 is not there okay so of course we don't 549 00:24:00,189 --> 00:23:58,549 do this only one time and the reason for 550 00:24:02,559 --> 00:24:00,199 this is because this is have a generates 551 00:24:04,719 --> 00:24:02,569 problem there are many parameters that 552 00:24:06,999 --> 00:24:04,729 we don't know and that different values 553 00:24:08,889 --> 00:24:07,009 of them might give us a right answer so 554 00:24:10,899 --> 00:24:08,899 we want to know which are all the 555 00:24:13,149 --> 00:24:10,909 possibilities that explain the interior 556 00:24:16,299 --> 00:24:13,159 of Jupiter and for that we made 557 00:24:18,759 --> 00:24:16,309 thousands of models so we start with 558 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:18,769 some initial parameters some of them we 559 00:24:24,159 --> 00:24:21,530 know some of them we don't know for it 560 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:24,169 we don't know the mass of the core but 561 00:24:29,169 --> 00:24:26,450 we don't we know the helium elements in 562 00:24:31,419 --> 00:24:29,179 the atmosphere we also have the heavy 563 00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:31,429 elements upon us here and we kind of say 564 00:24:35,350 --> 00:24:33,440 ok we trust that all the other 565 00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:35,360 measurements that we have are more or 566 00:24:39,549 --> 00:24:37,850 less representative or we can wait to 567 00:24:40,590 --> 00:24:39,559 see what the water measurements give us 568 00:24:44,470 --> 00:24:40,600 in the future 569 00:24:46,450 --> 00:24:44,480 we have also that we we know the helium 570 00:24:48,909 --> 00:24:46,460 elements in the deeper interior and so 571 00:24:51,460 --> 00:24:48,919 on so we start with this initial 572 00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:51,470 parameter we calculate which is the 573 00:24:56,560 --> 00:24:54,110 radius and the days of a planet that has 574 00:24:58,930 --> 00:24:56,570 those parameters and then we compared 575 00:25:01,450 --> 00:24:58,940 are these ones the same observations 576 00:25:03,370 --> 00:25:01,460 that we have if they are then we just 577 00:25:05,740 --> 00:25:03,380 keep these as a possible solution for 578 00:25:08,590 --> 00:25:05,750 the interior of Jupiter and we run these 579 00:25:11,230 --> 00:25:08,600 thousands of times and we get about with 580 00:25:15,070 --> 00:25:11,240 all the possible solutions for the 581 00:25:19,270 --> 00:25:15,080 interior of the plant so if we look at 582 00:25:23,380 --> 00:25:19,280 where our models lay then we have here 583 00:25:25,779 --> 00:25:23,390 this is J 4 and this is J 6 and this is 584 00:25:28,299 --> 00:25:25,789 the same figure I showed before where we 585 00:25:30,610 --> 00:25:28,309 have the Galilei the Voyager and Pioneer 586 00:25:32,500 --> 00:25:30,620 point this is the Galileo and Cassini 587 00:25:35,740 --> 00:25:32,510 and here we have dunno with the first 588 00:25:37,899 --> 00:25:35,750 orbit and what this one here I didn't 589 00:25:40,090 --> 00:25:37,909 show it before but this is when we take 590 00:25:42,130 --> 00:25:40,100 into account new horizons data but 591 00:25:44,620 --> 00:25:42,140 apparently there was a problem with the 592 00:25:46,149 --> 00:25:44,630 systemic noise in the innovator they 593 00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:46,159 hadn't that's why this point is so far 594 00:25:54,010 --> 00:25:48,110 out so I took it out from the other 595 00:25:56,980 --> 00:25:54,020 figure now our models are all different 596 00:26:00,340 --> 00:25:56,990 here all these blue represents where all 597 00:26:02,230 --> 00:26:00,350 our models lay and we are not the only 598 00:26:04,270 --> 00:26:02,240 ones doing these calculations so I 599 00:26:06,130 --> 00:26:04,280 included here results by Borkar 600 00:26:08,289 --> 00:26:06,140 milliliter and will hovered and these 601 00:26:10,750 --> 00:26:08,299 are calculations made by many metalman 602 00:26:12,580 --> 00:26:10,760 and these are just greasing calculations 603 00:26:15,310 --> 00:26:12,590 there were previous calculations made as 604 00:26:17,799 --> 00:26:15,320 well on these so you can see that there 605 00:26:20,649 --> 00:26:17,809 is a huge dispersion in the values that 606 00:26:23,140 --> 00:26:20,659 we are getting and Jupiter does not look 607 00:26:25,210 --> 00:26:23,150 the same he fits around here or if it's 608 00:26:26,919 --> 00:26:25,220 around here and we want to know which is 609 00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:26,929 the difference because we already want 610 00:26:31,210 --> 00:26:29,480 these models so then we were studying 611 00:26:33,460 --> 00:26:31,220 which is the main difference between all 612 00:26:34,430 --> 00:26:33,470 of these and we found that they are 613 00:26:36,799 --> 00:26:34,440 mainly 614 00:26:39,619 --> 00:26:36,809 two parameters that really determine the 615 00:26:43,220 --> 00:26:39,629 internal structure one is the equation 616 00:26:46,070 --> 00:26:43,230 of state and of hydrogen mostly and 617 00:26:47,990 --> 00:26:46,080 believe it or not we still don't know 618 00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:48,000 very well the equation of state of 619 00:26:54,580 --> 00:26:51,210 hydrogen at least not for the conditions 620 00:26:57,320 --> 00:26:54,590 in planet in giant planet interiors so 621 00:26:59,029 --> 00:26:57,330 fortunately there is a lot of people 622 00:27:00,680 --> 00:26:59,039 working on this now there is a new 623 00:27:03,230 --> 00:27:00,690 equation of state published this year 624 00:27:05,659 --> 00:27:03,240 that kind of agrees much more with the 625 00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:05,669 previous ones than others but there are 626 00:27:10,639 --> 00:27:07,710 still some uncertainties on this problem 627 00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:10,649 and I'm really happy that there is 628 00:27:13,850 --> 00:27:12,210 people working on this because this is a 629 00:27:17,930 --> 00:27:13,860 very important thing that we need to 630 00:27:20,060 --> 00:27:17,940 solve the other important parameter is 631 00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:20,070 the distribution of heavy elements in 632 00:27:25,850 --> 00:27:23,850 the interior so then in this figure I'm 633 00:27:29,149 --> 00:27:25,860 showing exactly the same thing as before 634 00:27:32,389 --> 00:27:29,159 but now our models instead of being with 635 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:32,399 that blue area are all this point here 636 00:27:38,419 --> 00:27:35,850 and the difference the gradient means 637 00:27:40,610 --> 00:27:38,429 the difference in heavy elements in the 638 00:27:43,669 --> 00:27:40,620 atmosphere and the deep interior of the 639 00:27:46,399 --> 00:27:43,679 planet so then what we see here is that 640 00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:46,409 this difference is zero when the planet 641 00:27:49,940 --> 00:27:48,210 is completely homogeneous when there is 642 00:27:51,740 --> 00:27:49,950 no difference between the heavy elements 643 00:27:55,580 --> 00:27:51,750 in the atmosphere and any parameter and 644 00:27:58,639 --> 00:27:55,590 when that happens we are around here so 645 00:28:01,700 --> 00:27:58,649 you see that Jupiter is definitely not 646 00:28:04,369 --> 00:28:01,710 homogeneous these values here can not 647 00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:04,379 explain the data that we are getting so 648 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:07,440 we need to have a kind of more heavy 649 00:28:11,299 --> 00:28:09,210 element towards the interior of the 650 00:28:13,430 --> 00:28:11,309 planet and this is actually a very 651 00:28:15,799 --> 00:28:13,440 important result because it's telling us 652 00:28:18,590 --> 00:28:15,809 that the planet is not homogeneous we 653 00:28:20,389 --> 00:28:18,600 need to have something down there so it 654 00:28:24,710 --> 00:28:20,399 kind of proves out the no course 655 00:28:26,899 --> 00:28:24,720 scenario that we had before so then we 656 00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:26,909 included and you introduced a new model 657 00:28:33,049 --> 00:28:30,450 for Jupiter that is similar to the one I 658 00:28:35,419 --> 00:28:33,059 showed you before in the sense that we 659 00:28:38,090 --> 00:28:35,429 have the atmosphere mainly made of 660 00:28:40,399 --> 00:28:38,100 molecular hydrogen and helium the deeper 661 00:28:43,249 --> 00:28:40,409 interior of metallic hydrogen and 662 00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:43,259 enriched in helium but I included here 663 00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:45,240 another layer that we call the youth 664 00:28:50,670 --> 00:28:47,890 core that actually is 665 00:28:53,010 --> 00:28:50,680 layer that is highly enriched where the 666 00:28:56,370 --> 00:28:53,020 heavy elements mixed with a hydrogen and 667 00:28:59,310 --> 00:28:56,380 helium envelope and here we have the 668 00:29:01,260 --> 00:28:59,320 core itself so of course this is one 669 00:29:02,940 --> 00:29:01,270 model there are other authoritative 670 00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:02,950 models and if you are interested I 671 00:29:06,530 --> 00:29:04,660 invite you to look for example the paper 672 00:29:08,940 --> 00:29:06,540 by Debrecen chevrier published this year 673 00:29:11,130 --> 00:29:08,950 but this is one possibility that 674 00:29:14,220 --> 00:29:11,140 actually explains the result that we are 675 00:29:15,570 --> 00:29:14,230 finding with Juno right now and we like 676 00:29:17,580 --> 00:29:15,580 this much more than the previous one 677 00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:17,590 also because there are some formation 678 00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:19,480 models that said that the planet can 679 00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:21,910 actually have at the youth core from the 680 00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:27,730 formation point of view okay now let me 681 00:29:34,380 --> 00:29:31,030 move to the second and final part of my 682 00:29:37,260 --> 00:29:34,390 talk that is talking about another issue 683 00:29:39,270 --> 00:29:37,270 but that is also related to understand 684 00:29:42,300 --> 00:29:39,280 the interior of the planet and is the 685 00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:42,310 rotation of Jupiter in particular the 686 00:29:47,430 --> 00:29:45,430 differential rotation of Jupiter so when 687 00:29:50,550 --> 00:29:47,440 we observe the planet and we've been 688 00:29:53,340 --> 00:29:50,560 doing these things long time ago we can 689 00:29:55,380 --> 00:29:53,350 see that we have these zonal winds that 690 00:29:57,600 --> 00:29:55,390 Jupiter has in one like that some of 691 00:29:59,460 --> 00:29:57,610 them go in one direction some go in the 692 00:30:02,670 --> 00:29:59,470 other one they have different velocities 693 00:30:05,550 --> 00:30:02,680 and we've been observing that in years 694 00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:05,560 the thing is that what we don't know is 695 00:30:12,270 --> 00:30:09,310 how deep these winds extend into the 696 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:12,280 planet and the reason why this is 697 00:30:17,610 --> 00:30:14,890 important is because all the models that 698 00:30:20,150 --> 00:30:17,620 I show to you so far are assuming that 699 00:30:23,310 --> 00:30:20,160 the planet rotates as a rigid body and 700 00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:23,320 if that is not the case if these winds 701 00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:25,600 extend very deep into the atmosphere 702 00:30:30,180 --> 00:30:28,510 into the planet then we have to take 703 00:30:31,950 --> 00:30:30,190 this into account in our interior 704 00:30:35,910 --> 00:30:31,960 calculations otherwise we might be 705 00:30:38,610 --> 00:30:35,920 taking wrong as wrong results so we 706 00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:38,620 wanted to know more about this and what 707 00:30:44,580 --> 00:30:41,710 we did first was to quantify how big is 708 00:30:47,340 --> 00:30:44,590 this so then again this is the same 709 00:30:49,530 --> 00:30:47,350 figure I showed before J 4 J 6 our 710 00:30:52,260 --> 00:30:49,540 models and the Doudna data and here 711 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:52,270 enjoying the last calculation that we 712 00:30:58,320 --> 00:30:56,170 have and the thing is this all these 713 00:31:00,410 --> 00:30:58,330 models as I said are calculated assuming 714 00:31:03,410 --> 00:31:00,420 a rigid body 715 00:31:06,470 --> 00:31:03,420 happen so if you be the rotate in these 716 00:31:10,580 --> 00:31:06,480 as a rigid body the only good solution 717 00:31:12,350 --> 00:31:10,590 are the ones exactly here now we know 718 00:31:14,660 --> 00:31:12,360 that the planet does not rotate as a 719 00:31:16,970 --> 00:31:14,670 rigid body so then if we include these 720 00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:16,980 differential rotations there might be 721 00:31:21,770 --> 00:31:19,830 other models around here here that also 722 00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:21,780 explain the data when we take these into 723 00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:24,930 account so then we did an exploration of 724 00:31:29,510 --> 00:31:27,510 the extreme we said okay let's assume 725 00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:29,520 that this winds extend all the way to 726 00:31:33,050 --> 00:31:30,330 the core 727 00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:33,060 then which models which ones of all of 728 00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:35,370 these actually explain the data if we 729 00:31:40,190 --> 00:31:38,310 take that into account and we found that 730 00:31:43,580 --> 00:31:40,200 all of those ones here can actually 731 00:31:46,250 --> 00:31:43,590 explain the data in this case so you see 732 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:46,260 that this again represents a huge error 733 00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:49,170 bar for us because these models here can 734 00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:51,210 also explain this point in these models 735 00:31:58,670 --> 00:31:53,910 here as well so we need it definitely to 736 00:32:00,350 --> 00:31:58,680 quantify this better now do you remember 737 00:32:04,630 --> 00:32:00,360 this figure that I showed at the very 738 00:32:07,910 --> 00:32:04,640 beginning yes no you're a fear waking up 739 00:32:10,610 --> 00:32:07,920 so we have the even harmonics and the 740 00:32:12,350 --> 00:32:10,620 old harmonics and if you remember I was 741 00:32:14,870 --> 00:32:12,360 telling you that the high order 742 00:32:16,970 --> 00:32:14,880 harmonics are the ones that we look at 743 00:32:20,060 --> 00:32:16,980 if we are seeing the deep atmospheric 744 00:32:22,820 --> 00:32:20,070 dynamics and I also mentioned that the 745 00:32:25,340 --> 00:32:22,830 old gravity harmonics are only giving us 746 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:25,350 information on the on the outer part on 747 00:32:31,010 --> 00:32:28,530 the atmosphere of the planet and as I 748 00:32:33,530 --> 00:32:31,020 also said we even have information of 749 00:32:36,980 --> 00:32:33,540 these ones or this one before you know 750 00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:36,990 we only have it now so then now we can 751 00:32:40,610 --> 00:32:38,490 use this information to actually 752 00:32:42,530 --> 00:32:40,620 understand and constrain this 753 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:42,540 differential rotation in the interior of 754 00:32:48,890 --> 00:32:45,690 the planet and that is what we did so we 755 00:32:51,170 --> 00:32:48,900 did that with two different methods we 756 00:32:54,050 --> 00:32:51,180 use on the one hand this information 757 00:32:56,510 --> 00:32:54,060 with the even gravity harmonics and on 758 00:32:58,520 --> 00:32:56,520 the other hand we use the old gravity 759 00:33:01,970 --> 00:32:58,530 harmonics and we check if we were 760 00:33:03,940 --> 00:33:01,980 finding similar results so let me first 761 00:33:06,740 --> 00:33:03,950 show you what we did with the even J's 762 00:33:10,130 --> 00:33:06,750 this is the first figure the same one 763 00:33:13,310 --> 00:33:10,140 I've been showing so far J 4 J 6 all 764 00:33:14,360 --> 00:33:13,320 these points are our interior models for 765 00:33:18,049 --> 00:33:14,370 now ignore 766 00:33:20,299 --> 00:33:18,059 these squares here and that yellow tiny 767 00:33:23,990 --> 00:33:20,309 yellow point is the Doudna point that 768 00:33:26,540 --> 00:33:24,000 actually is zoom in there no surprises 769 00:33:28,670 --> 00:33:26,550 here now let me show you what happened 770 00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:28,680 when we actually do the same thing for 771 00:33:37,730 --> 00:33:34,530 higher order J this is for j6 j 6 and j 772 00:33:40,910 --> 00:33:37,740 8 and again here are all our interior 773 00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:40,920 models that is the juno data you can see 774 00:33:45,770 --> 00:33:43,770 the zoom in here our interior models and 775 00:33:48,530 --> 00:33:45,780 the Doudna later just don't look at the 776 00:33:51,910 --> 00:33:48,540 squares and now i want you to tell me is 777 00:33:55,640 --> 00:33:51,920 there any model that explains the data 778 00:33:58,580 --> 00:33:55,650 not even one of all the models are down 779 00:34:00,230 --> 00:33:58,590 here the data is up here we tried many 780 00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:00,240 different things we try with other 781 00:34:04,130 --> 00:34:02,130 models there are also calculations like 782 00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:04,140 worker militar here which i different 783 00:34:07,580 --> 00:34:06,210 equations of the state we try all the 784 00:34:09,379 --> 00:34:07,590 different things that we could think of 785 00:34:11,810 --> 00:34:09,389 and there was no way of explaining the 786 00:34:13,580 --> 00:34:11,820 data and of course the reason for this 787 00:34:15,830 --> 00:34:13,590 is because we are looking at high order 788 00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:15,840 chase and differential rotation starts 789 00:34:20,659 --> 00:34:18,149 to be important and we have to take that 790 00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:20,669 into account and the same thing happens 791 00:34:26,060 --> 00:34:23,250 if you go to even higher JS we are here 792 00:34:28,070 --> 00:34:26,070 I'm showing day eight and a ten and here 793 00:34:29,810 --> 00:34:28,080 are our models and now the arrow bars 794 00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:29,820 are a bit larger and it looks like we 795 00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:31,980 actually can't explain them but it's 796 00:34:38,240 --> 00:34:35,520 like bossy so then the thing is that we 797 00:34:40,610 --> 00:34:38,250 said okay which is the depth of these 798 00:34:44,180 --> 00:34:40,620 wings that will actually allow us to 799 00:34:47,510 --> 00:34:44,190 explain these and our exploration showed 800 00:34:50,060 --> 00:34:47,520 that if we have winds as we've at three 801 00:34:53,119 --> 00:34:50,070 thousand kilometers then we are actually 802 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:53,129 able to explain all the J's with our 803 00:34:59,270 --> 00:34:56,490 calculation so then this is really great 804 00:35:01,130 --> 00:34:59,280 we could put some constraints on the 805 00:35:04,220 --> 00:35:01,140 differential rotation of Jupiter for the 806 00:35:07,970 --> 00:35:04,230 first time and now let me show you what 807 00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:07,980 we found with the odd J's and this is a 808 00:35:12,590 --> 00:35:10,710 much more trustworthy method I have to 809 00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:12,600 say because the objects directly are 810 00:35:17,630 --> 00:35:14,970 related to the atmospheric dynamics they 811 00:35:20,930 --> 00:35:17,640 have no influence on the interior has no 812 00:35:22,610 --> 00:35:20,940 influence on these and this figure is a 813 00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:22,620 nice figure calculate is actually by 814 00:35:26,840 --> 00:35:24,510 your high copy and all of these are heap 815 00:35:28,130 --> 00:35:26,850 models where he was done in the 816 00:35:31,220 --> 00:35:28,140 circulation of the 817 00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:31,230 swing and then he calculated which would 818 00:35:37,010 --> 00:35:33,630 be the value of the difference or J 819 00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:37,020 depending on the depth of this wind so 820 00:35:42,290 --> 00:35:39,510 if these winds are very shallow if they 821 00:35:44,930 --> 00:35:42,300 don't go very deep into the planet then 822 00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:44,940 there is a very little math involved in 823 00:35:49,430 --> 00:35:47,310 the wind and then the gravity signal is 824 00:35:50,330 --> 00:35:49,440 going to be small so therefore we will 825 00:35:53,510 --> 00:35:50,340 be around here 826 00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:53,520 now if the winds go deeper into the 827 00:35:59,450 --> 00:35:57,000 planet and there then there is more mass 828 00:36:01,820 --> 00:35:59,460 involving the wind there is a larger 829 00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:01,830 gravity signal and that's why we have a 830 00:36:07,130 --> 00:36:04,410 larger values here so he made this 831 00:36:09,950 --> 00:36:07,140 figure theoretically and now we can over 832 00:36:13,850 --> 00:36:09,960 put here the measurements that we have 833 00:36:15,710 --> 00:36:13,860 and what you can see is that all the 834 00:36:17,990 --> 00:36:15,720 measurements overlap with the 835 00:36:20,990 --> 00:36:18,000 theoretical calculations at more or less 836 00:36:25,220 --> 00:36:21,000 the same place and that is also between 837 00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:25,230 1,000 and 3,000 kilometers so then with 838 00:36:31,160 --> 00:36:28,560 two independent path calculations we 839 00:36:33,740 --> 00:36:31,170 reach the same result that the winds 840 00:36:37,370 --> 00:36:33,750 that we observe in Jupiter extend up to 841 00:36:39,980 --> 00:36:37,380 three thousand kilometers and this this 842 00:36:42,530 --> 00:36:39,990 number am I not telling you much this is 843 00:36:45,710 --> 00:36:42,540 around four percent of the radius of the 844 00:36:49,370 --> 00:36:45,720 planet and it involves between three and 845 00:36:52,660 --> 00:36:49,380 four earth masses of materials going 846 00:36:55,310 --> 00:36:52,670 around in this wind and that's why it 847 00:36:57,470 --> 00:36:55,320 depends on the on the point of view from 848 00:37:00,350 --> 00:36:57,480 the interior point of view the rest of 849 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:00,360 the planet is a rigid body so 96% of the 850 00:37:05,150 --> 00:37:03,210 radius is rigid body it's fine it's not 851 00:37:07,910 --> 00:37:05,160 a terrible approximation the one we were 852 00:37:10,390 --> 00:37:07,920 making now if we look at this from the 853 00:37:14,420 --> 00:37:10,400 perspective of the atmospheric dynamics 854 00:37:16,940 --> 00:37:14,430 this is a lot this is four percent of 855 00:37:19,340 --> 00:37:16,950 the radius it's around three Earth 856 00:37:22,730 --> 00:37:19,350 masses of material moving around in 857 00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:22,740 those wing so it really is it's 858 00:37:27,500 --> 00:37:25,170 something I think and we can constrain 859 00:37:29,690 --> 00:37:27,510 this as I said for the first time we 860 00:37:31,670 --> 00:37:29,700 also did a similar analysis for Saturn 861 00:37:33,830 --> 00:37:31,680 I'm not going to show it here because I 862 00:37:35,390 --> 00:37:33,840 want it to focus on Jupiter and the 863 00:37:37,849 --> 00:37:35,400 Dunamis on but if you are interested we 864 00:37:41,479 --> 00:37:37,859 can talk about that later 865 00:37:44,660 --> 00:37:41,489 so one last thing that I want to say is 866 00:37:47,150 --> 00:37:44,670 okay why this happen and we are trying 867 00:37:50,209 --> 00:37:47,160 to understand what is actually stopping 868 00:37:51,650 --> 00:37:50,219 this flow and now there are different 869 00:37:54,949 --> 00:37:51,660 things that we have to take into account 870 00:37:56,719 --> 00:37:54,959 and a nice thing of these periods of the 871 00:37:58,579 --> 00:37:56,729 Juno mission is that now we have to 872 00:37:59,930 --> 00:37:58,589 start talking with the other teams and 873 00:38:02,900 --> 00:37:59,940 trying to put all the puzzle pieces 874 00:38:04,969 --> 00:38:02,910 together one of the big puzzle pieces 875 00:38:06,709 --> 00:38:04,979 that we have to combine definitely with 876 00:38:09,259 --> 00:38:06,719 this interior model is the magnetic 877 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:09,269 field that we actually have very good 878 00:38:13,549 --> 00:38:11,249 measurements of the magnetic field of 879 00:38:16,999 --> 00:38:13,559 Jupiter that we didn't have before and 880 00:38:19,729 --> 00:38:17,009 that might be playing a big role here so 881 00:38:22,609 --> 00:38:19,739 what I'm showing here is again the best 882 00:38:25,459 --> 00:38:22,619 of these winds and this is this black 883 00:38:26,900 --> 00:38:25,469 one is the profile the wind profile that 884 00:38:28,370 --> 00:38:26,910 actually was used in the previous 885 00:38:30,410 --> 00:38:28,380 calculations because that's another 886 00:38:33,410 --> 00:38:30,420 question right we are measuring the 887 00:38:35,329 --> 00:38:33,420 winds very up in the atmosphere how is 888 00:38:37,999 --> 00:38:35,339 the form the shape of these winds when 889 00:38:41,059 --> 00:38:38,009 we go deeper so in this case we were 890 00:38:43,339 --> 00:38:41,069 assuming an exponential decay that you 891 00:38:45,859 --> 00:38:43,349 can see it here and this blue our new 892 00:38:47,839 --> 00:38:45,869 canoe estimations calculated by current 893 00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:47,849 or where she has she's having this 894 00:38:52,459 --> 00:38:49,920 magnetic field into account and we are 895 00:38:54,769 --> 00:38:52,469 trying to improve this and what you can 896 00:38:57,259 --> 00:38:54,779 see here in the dashed line is the 897 00:38:59,870 --> 00:38:57,269 electrical conductivity in the interior 898 00:39:03,469 --> 00:38:59,880 of Jupiter made by models mostly by 899 00:39:05,410 --> 00:39:03,479 Kalka so what you can see is that the 900 00:39:08,269 --> 00:39:05,420 electrical conductivity increases 901 00:39:10,819 --> 00:39:08,279 suddenly when we have when our winds 902 00:39:13,219 --> 00:39:10,829 stop so we think that actually there is 903 00:39:15,529 --> 00:39:13,229 a magnetic drag playing a role there and 904 00:39:18,229 --> 00:39:15,539 stopping the flow and that's why then we 905 00:39:21,519 --> 00:39:18,239 have a rigid body rotation but we are 906 00:39:25,609 --> 00:39:21,529 just trying to understand this right now 907 00:39:28,549 --> 00:39:25,619 okay so I was much faster than I 908 00:39:30,949 --> 00:39:28,559 expected actually I just want to show 909 00:39:33,650 --> 00:39:30,959 this nice animation just to give you a 910 00:39:35,809 --> 00:39:33,660 more visual idea of these effects and 911 00:39:37,969 --> 00:39:35,819 this is from a press release that NASA 912 00:39:40,699 --> 00:39:37,979 made for the result of our papers and 913 00:39:43,549 --> 00:39:40,709 you can see here the flow the zonal 914 00:39:46,459 --> 00:39:43,559 winds that I was talking about and that 915 00:39:49,009 --> 00:39:46,469 they extend up to around four percent of 916 00:39:50,450 --> 00:39:49,019 the radius of the planet and in the 917 00:39:52,790 --> 00:39:50,460 deeper part the plan 918 00:39:55,550 --> 00:39:52,800 that rotates as a rigid body so I think 919 00:39:58,040 --> 00:39:55,560 this is a nice way of visualizing this 920 00:40:02,300 --> 00:39:58,050 problem and that's why I wanted to show 921 00:40:06,079 --> 00:40:02,310 it to you now let me just go to the 922 00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:06,089 take-home messages of this talk and the 923 00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:08,970 thing first of all is that we had much 924 00:40:14,750 --> 00:40:12,330 larger great improvement in the gravity 925 00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:14,760 data that we have with Juno and I think 926 00:40:18,410 --> 00:40:16,560 this is really the best we don't have 927 00:40:20,690 --> 00:40:18,420 this kind of data for the other giant 928 00:40:22,579 --> 00:40:20,700 planet we do have very good data for 929 00:40:24,710 --> 00:40:22,589 Saturn for certain we also have some 930 00:40:27,859 --> 00:40:24,720 extra information that seems from 931 00:40:30,980 --> 00:40:27,869 seismology but we don't have such a good 932 00:40:33,410 --> 00:40:30,990 gravity data for the other one and this 933 00:40:37,970 --> 00:40:33,420 is really due to this special orbit that 934 00:40:39,980 --> 00:40:37,980 Juno you know how we also could learn a 935 00:40:42,410 --> 00:40:39,990 bit more about the internal structure 936 00:40:44,450 --> 00:40:42,420 even though I cannot tell you yet which 937 00:40:46,370 --> 00:40:44,460 is the mass of the core and I know you 938 00:40:47,720 --> 00:40:46,380 all want to know because every time I 939 00:40:49,160 --> 00:40:47,730 give this talk the people is very well 940 00:40:51,589 --> 00:40:49,170 but you didn't tell us the amount of the 941 00:40:54,349 --> 00:40:51,599 core and the thing is that that is a 942 00:40:55,970 --> 00:40:54,359 very complex problem and now that we 943 00:40:58,760 --> 00:40:55,980 have this dilute core we are adding 944 00:41:00,980 --> 00:40:58,770 extra layers of complication let's say 945 00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:00,990 that we didn't have before because now 946 00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:03,510 we have other questions like how steep 947 00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:05,910 is the gradient of the composition there 948 00:41:10,730 --> 00:41:08,730 how that may affect the way that we are 949 00:41:12,310 --> 00:41:10,740 transporting energy and therefore the 950 00:41:14,780 --> 00:41:12,320 amount of heavy elements that we can put 951 00:41:17,510 --> 00:41:14,790 which is actually the amount of heavy 952 00:41:20,210 --> 00:41:17,520 there and how they increase in this 953 00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:20,220 dilute core so there are like many many 954 00:41:25,160 --> 00:41:22,260 new questions that we need to solve and 955 00:41:27,950 --> 00:41:25,170 discuss what we actually call up or if 956 00:41:30,349 --> 00:41:27,960 it's only the tiny part that has 100 957 00:41:33,050 --> 00:41:30,359 percent heavy elements or is this fancy 958 00:41:35,180 --> 00:41:33,060 the new score also counts at a core from 959 00:41:37,010 --> 00:41:35,190 the formation point of view so we need 960 00:41:39,109 --> 00:41:37,020 to have some discussions to actually 961 00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:39,119 understand this habit more and of course 962 00:41:44,450 --> 00:41:41,490 study this better before we can give a 963 00:41:46,070 --> 00:41:44,460 definitive answer but something that we 964 00:41:48,859 --> 00:41:46,080 can say is that we need to have 965 00:41:51,079 --> 00:41:48,869 something down there there is definitely 966 00:41:55,030 --> 00:41:51,089 a need for a larger amount of heavies 967 00:41:58,670 --> 00:41:55,040 deep down to explain the observation 968 00:42:00,980 --> 00:41:58,680 there are we could also constrain the 969 00:42:02,760 --> 00:42:00,990 differential rotations in the planet and 970 00:42:05,370 --> 00:42:02,770 these goes approximately up to 971 00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:05,380 3000 kilometers and of course this is 972 00:42:08,910 --> 00:42:07,090 also something that we have to put in 973 00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:08,920 the interior model because even though 974 00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:11,200 the rigid body is not such a bad 975 00:42:15,270 --> 00:42:13,690 approximation we still need to have this 976 00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:15,280 into account if we want to get more 977 00:42:19,920 --> 00:42:17,170 accurate results and especially because 978 00:42:23,550 --> 00:42:19,930 now we know how did they go so we need 979 00:42:25,770 --> 00:42:23,560 to take this into account and finally 980 00:42:26,820 --> 00:42:25,780 but not least I haven't done all of 981 00:42:29,460 --> 00:42:26,830 these by myself 982 00:42:32,250 --> 00:42:29,470 there is a very nice interior working 983 00:42:34,290 --> 00:42:32,260 group in dunno and all of them are here 984 00:42:36,420 --> 00:42:34,300 and now from this year we also have 985 00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:36,430 Jonathan for Denis and Nadine etymon 986 00:42:41,700 --> 00:42:39,010 joining us so they will be here in the 987 00:42:44,160 --> 00:42:41,710 next talk and here we have the whole 988 00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:44,170 juno team where you can see on the side 989 00:42:48,660 --> 00:42:45,850 the engineers and decide all the 990 00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:48,670 scientists that actually made this very 991 00:43:13,560 --> 00:42:51,040 nice mission possible and thank you for 992 00:43:18,850 --> 00:43:15,670 yes okay 993 00:43:20,950 --> 00:43:18,860 amazing yes mean I yeah I mean I you're 994 00:43:23,380 --> 00:43:20,960 you're leading the way I hope everybody 995 00:43:26,410 --> 00:43:23,390 will be five minutes early on the top 996 00:43:28,420 --> 00:43:26,420 like you so we do have a lot of time for 997 00:43:31,990 --> 00:43:28,430 questions but you know wanting to make 998 00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:43,120 any questions so for the magnetic drag 999 00:43:49,390 --> 00:43:46,910 you you this 3000 or some routine 1,000 1000 00:43:50,590 --> 00:43:49,400 to 3,000 kilometers deep part on Jupiter 1001 00:43:52,060 --> 00:43:50,600 what's the pressure and temperature 1002 00:43:55,030 --> 00:43:52,070 there I'm trying to reconcile this with 1003 00:43:57,190 --> 00:43:55,040 with like hot Jupiters and um and my 1004 00:43:59,980 --> 00:43:57,200 gonna track their Oh temperatures I 1005 00:44:06,310 --> 00:43:59,990 don't remember the pressure is 0.1 mega 1006 00:44:07,720 --> 00:44:06,320 bars so it's a lot the temperature I 1007 00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:07,730 don't remember I can I can check and 1008 00:44:13,180 --> 00:44:10,240 give you those number later 1009 00:44:15,790 --> 00:44:13,190 yeah I remember well the temperature is 1010 00:44:31,140 --> 00:44:15,800 very beeping the Cora 20,000 K but in 1011 00:44:36,190 --> 00:44:34,630 yeah would it be true to say or not that 1012 00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:36,200 the Juno results would be consistent 1013 00:44:41,550 --> 00:44:39,110 with having deep equatorial Jets say 1014 00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:41,560 from minus 20 to plus 20 with shallower 1015 00:44:47,470 --> 00:44:44,800 extra-tropical and high latitude Jets 1016 00:44:49,570 --> 00:44:47,480 what do you mean like deep a bit the 1017 00:44:52,350 --> 00:44:49,580 Jets that we observe suppose the Jets 1018 00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:52,360 yeah Jesse you observed perhaps with 1019 00:45:00,040 --> 00:44:54,530 tops they're only deep in the equatorial 1020 00:45:02,770 --> 00:45:00,050 regions ah okay yes I see so right now 1021 00:45:04,990 --> 00:45:02,780 we may like a global analysis of these 1022 00:45:07,810 --> 00:45:05,000 but you are right that we now have to go 1023 00:45:09,460 --> 00:45:07,820 to specific parts of the planet also we 1024 00:45:11,450 --> 00:45:09,470 are interested in the red red spot for 1025 00:45:13,790 --> 00:45:11,460 example to see how deep it goes 1026 00:45:15,589 --> 00:45:13,800 we haven't done that yet like specific 1027 00:45:27,740 --> 00:45:15,599 parts is something that we need to do 1028 00:45:32,059 --> 00:45:27,750 yeah thank you 1029 00:45:36,170 --> 00:45:32,069 from the outside it's all gravity but 1030 00:45:38,770 --> 00:45:36,180 you presented the model fitting to the 1031 00:45:44,540 --> 00:45:38,780 odd and even harmonics is quote-unquote 1032 00:45:46,880 --> 00:45:44,550 independent how within the team did that 1033 00:45:49,130 --> 00:45:46,890 sort of arise did did somebody say uh 1034 00:45:56,870 --> 00:45:49,140 you know I'll do the odd ones you do the 1035 00:46:00,559 --> 00:45:56,880 even one how did that how does the 1036 00:46:01,940 --> 00:46:00,569 process work so we are around between 1037 00:46:04,370 --> 00:46:01,950 twenty and thirty I would say I don't 1038 00:46:06,770 --> 00:46:04,380 know exactly the number but half the 1039 00:46:08,359 --> 00:46:06,780 team is doing the analysis of the 1040 00:46:10,609 --> 00:46:08,369 observations themselves and the other 1041 00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:10,619 half we are doing the interior models 1042 00:46:15,109 --> 00:46:13,410 within the interior models so far we had 1043 00:46:17,390 --> 00:46:15,119 two independent teams now as I said 1044 00:46:19,339 --> 00:46:17,400 Jonathan Nadine and also joining but it 1045 00:46:22,039 --> 00:46:19,349 was a three son and me on the one side 1046 00:46:24,280 --> 00:46:22,049 and I brought her military hover than 1047 00:46:27,140 --> 00:46:24,290 their team so we were doing independent 1048 00:46:29,539 --> 00:46:27,150 interior models and trying to discuss 1049 00:46:31,700 --> 00:46:29,549 and get her consensus between us and 1050 00:46:33,859 --> 00:46:31,710 with the observations it was more or 1051 00:46:36,410 --> 00:46:33,869 less the same there were two teams there 1052 00:46:38,930 --> 00:46:36,420 was a JPL team leads by wheels voltner 1053 00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:38,940 and there was people from Italy fees by 1054 00:46:43,910 --> 00:46:41,490 Luciana gist and they were both doing 1055 00:46:46,640 --> 00:46:43,920 independent calculations and then trying 1056 00:46:48,799 --> 00:46:46,650 to discuss I heard endless discussions 1057 00:46:50,839 --> 00:46:48,809 about their the error bars and you can 1058 00:46:54,170 --> 00:46:50,849 see that they're tiny but they really 1059 00:46:57,740 --> 00:46:54,180 wanted to have the consensus on that so 1060 00:47:00,650 --> 00:46:57,750 there was a submission of the various 1061 00:47:02,450 --> 00:47:00,660 publications coordinated or yes yes yes 1062 00:47:03,440 --> 00:47:02,460 we definitely discussed everything and 1063 00:47:13,370 --> 00:47:03,450 coordinate everything 1064 00:47:15,260 --> 00:47:13,380 yeah thanks yeah so I was right I was 1065 00:47:18,020 --> 00:47:15,270 interested in the in the data point you 1066 00:47:19,010 --> 00:47:18,030 put up for the carbon in Uranus and I 1067 00:47:22,280 --> 00:47:19,020 presume that's from spectroscopic 1068 00:47:23,770 --> 00:47:22,290 measurements of the of the outer part of 1069 00:47:25,280 --> 00:47:23,780 the Atmos Road do we have any 1070 00:47:28,160 --> 00:47:25,290 constraints from 1071 00:47:32,390 --> 00:47:28,170 the bulk density of Uranus on how that 1072 00:47:33,740 --> 00:47:32,400 carbon abundance relates to the bulk I'm 1073 00:47:35,390 --> 00:47:33,750 wondering there's always this question 1074 00:47:37,910 --> 00:47:35,400 of had the outer atmosphere that you can 1075 00:47:40,670 --> 00:47:37,920 see relates to bulk up the interior 1076 00:47:43,490 --> 00:47:40,680 composition because for the exoplanets 1077 00:47:45,470 --> 00:47:43,500 we will have bulk density and we'll have 1078 00:47:48,440 --> 00:47:45,480 outer atmosphere and putting those 1079 00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:48,450 pieces together is is always a tough 1080 00:47:54,410 --> 00:47:52,410 thing yeah I definitely agree I'm also 1081 00:47:56,330 --> 00:47:54,420 doing exoplanets so that's why I'm also 1082 00:47:58,310 --> 00:47:56,340 interested in this problem the thing we 1083 00:48:01,370 --> 00:47:58,320 do Renison neptune is that we also have 1084 00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:01,380 very very poor information on the 1085 00:48:06,530 --> 00:48:04,170 gravity as well only the Voyager 2 went 1086 00:48:09,710 --> 00:48:06,540 to those planets and then we have like a 1087 00:48:13,160 --> 00:48:09,720 only one point with huge error bars we 1088 00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:13,170 don't even have j6 we just have J 2 and 1089 00:48:18,500 --> 00:48:16,710 J 4 so then we have very these gravity 1090 00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:18,510 Zeta doesn't allow us to make such 1091 00:48:23,150 --> 00:48:20,610 detail models as we are doing here and 1092 00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:23,160 find a relation on the on the heavy 1093 00:48:28,190 --> 00:48:25,890 elements so I don't think we do have an 1094 00:48:30,290 --> 00:48:28,200 answer or at least I don't really know 1095 00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:30,300 an answer for that I haven't been doing 1096 00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:33,210 a lot of interior models on that so but 1097 00:48:36,710 --> 00:48:35,010 that is definitely something important 1098 00:48:38,330 --> 00:48:36,720 to look at and that's also why I'm 1099 00:48:40,280 --> 00:48:38,340 saying that we need to observe them more 1100 00:48:43,340 --> 00:48:40,290 because they are here they might give a 1101 00:49:05,630 --> 00:48:43,350 clue of how exoplanets work and we don't 1102 00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:05,640 know a lot about them wait for 10 1103 00:49:12,070 --> 00:49:09,210 seconds there we go 1104 00:49:13,790 --> 00:49:12,080 yeah could you comment on the 1105 00:49:16,070 --> 00:49:13,800 possibilities for constraining the 1106 00:49:17,180 --> 00:49:16,080 temporal evolution of the core dilution 1107 00:49:18,920 --> 00:49:17,190 because it seems like you could have 1108 00:49:22,010 --> 00:49:18,930 thank you by a member scenarios you have 1109 00:49:23,690 --> 00:49:22,020 a core forming and then stuff diffusing 1110 00:49:25,880 --> 00:49:23,700 out or you might have a later delivery 1111 00:49:29,090 --> 00:49:25,890 of heavies which then puts it in place 1112 00:49:31,250 --> 00:49:29,100 and it's not really significantly 1113 00:49:32,600 --> 00:49:31,260 evolving subsequently from formation so 1114 00:49:35,480 --> 00:49:32,610 and clearly that there's big 1115 00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:35,490 implications in terms of constraining 1116 00:49:38,420 --> 00:49:37,410 formation scenarios between the series 1117 00:49:41,210 --> 00:49:38,430 you want yeah 1118 00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:41,220 some prospects for concern yeah sure so 1119 00:49:45,890 --> 00:49:43,290 there are very nice model by Ilana 1120 00:49:48,530 --> 00:49:45,900 Masson actually doing evolution models 1121 00:49:52,220 --> 00:49:48,540 of Jupiter considering compositional 1122 00:49:54,589 --> 00:49:52,230 gradients and their results show that 1123 00:49:56,390 --> 00:49:54,599 actually it's possible to have so she 1124 00:49:58,339 --> 00:49:56,400 picked she starts the planet with 1125 00:50:00,200 --> 00:49:58,349 compositional gradients and she looks at 1126 00:50:02,089 --> 00:50:00,210 how these evolve and if it's possible to 1127 00:50:04,760 --> 00:50:02,099 maintain that from formation to what we 1128 00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:04,770 observed today and she found that indeed 1129 00:50:09,559 --> 00:50:06,930 it's possible to just maintain the 1130 00:50:12,380 --> 00:50:09,569 solute core from the formation point of 1131 00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:12,390 view so there might be two possibilities 1132 00:50:17,329 --> 00:50:14,910 one is that when we were forming the 1133 00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:17,339 planet and we were accreting gas and 1134 00:50:22,970 --> 00:50:20,010 solids at the same time then this kind 1135 00:50:25,339 --> 00:50:22,980 of dissolves and enriched like this part 1136 00:50:28,609 --> 00:50:25,349 around the core itself something like 1137 00:50:30,829 --> 00:50:28,619 that but if this is again being a study 1138 00:50:32,270 --> 00:50:30,839 I think that there are a few papers that 1139 00:50:34,700 --> 00:50:32,280 are dealing with this as far as I know 1140 00:50:37,220 --> 00:50:34,710 the other possibility is that this was 1141 00:50:40,309 --> 00:50:37,230 this happened later on and it's not a 1142 00:50:42,559 --> 00:50:40,319 dilute core but an eroded core so then 1143 00:50:44,809 --> 00:50:42,569 you had your core forming and that was 1144 00:50:47,089 --> 00:50:44,819 the erosion during the evolution could 1145 00:50:49,490 --> 00:50:47,099 mix the heavy elements there that's the 1146 00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:49,500 other possibility but I know that 1147 00:50:53,539 --> 00:50:51,690 ravit held with Tristan we're analyzing 1148 00:50:56,630 --> 00:50:53,549 that and apparently it's a very 1149 00:50:59,150 --> 00:50:56,640 inefficient process so they erosion it 1150 00:51:02,329 --> 00:50:59,160 might be the other scenario might be a 1151 00:51:26,990 --> 00:51:02,339 bit more favorable but we again need to 1152 00:51:28,549 --> 00:51:27,000 study all of these more great talk I had 1153 00:51:30,109 --> 00:51:28,559 a follow-up comment related to the 1154 00:51:33,079 --> 00:51:30,119 question that I guess that was Jeff 1155 00:51:35,660 --> 00:51:33,089 Alice hey I'm about the you know the 1156 00:51:38,059 --> 00:51:35,670 relative sort of chakra toriel versus 1157 00:51:40,640 --> 00:51:38,069 high up with toriel the the the dominant 1158 00:51:42,109 --> 00:51:40,650 sort of a sim and sort of the lack of 1159 00:51:43,819 --> 00:51:42,119 symmetry around the equator and the 1160 00:51:45,859 --> 00:51:43,829 cloud table zonal winds is that huge 1161 00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:45,869 zonal jetta sort of 23 degrees latitude 1162 00:51:50,059 --> 00:51:47,910 which lacks the counterpart of the other 1163 00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:50,069 hemisphere and of course outside the 1164 00:51:53,960 --> 00:51:51,510 equatorial jet 1165 00:51:56,450 --> 00:51:53,970 then and so that would sort of suggest 1166 00:51:58,340 --> 00:51:56,460 that the odd harmonics are actually 1167 00:51:59,300 --> 00:51:58,350 sensing you know when one sort of quotes 1168 00:52:01,850 --> 00:51:59,310 the number three thousand kilometers 1169 00:52:04,160 --> 00:52:01,860 it's not just inside the equatorial jet 1170 00:52:06,710 --> 00:52:04,170 and Yohai actually did an analysis where 1171 00:52:09,350 --> 00:52:06,720 he looked at the latitude variation of 1172 00:52:11,240 --> 00:52:09,360 this parameter age and that analysis 1173 00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:11,250 showed that a low latitudes the 1174 00:52:14,870 --> 00:52:12,810 thickness is somewhat larger than a high 1175 00:52:16,760 --> 00:52:14,880 latitudes but I specifically asked him 1176 00:52:20,080 --> 00:52:16,770 to exact question the US whether it's 1177 00:52:22,610 --> 00:52:20,090 possible to have all of the the sort of 1178 00:52:24,650 --> 00:52:22,620 deep you know the signature of the 1179 00:52:26,240 --> 00:52:24,660 harmonics inside just an equatorial jet 1180 00:52:27,770 --> 00:52:26,250 that cuts across the planet and have the 1181 00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:27,780 highlighted two Jets all died out of a 1182 00:52:31,250 --> 00:52:29,910 very shallow depth and the answer is no 1183 00:52:32,630 --> 00:52:31,260 as far as I understand they're enough 1184 00:52:33,080 --> 00:52:32,640 that would agree with you what you think 1185 00:52:35,720 --> 00:52:33,090 of it 1186 00:52:49,070 --> 00:52:35,730 yeah yeah thank you yeah thanks for the 1187 00:52:53,380 --> 00:52:49,080 comment thank you you know this is an 1188 00:53:02,810 --> 00:53:00,830 you never know but always constraining 1189 00:53:04,760 --> 00:53:02,820 the circulation of the deep interior or 1190 00:53:06,980 --> 00:53:04,770 is it just going to be entirely too 1191 00:53:11,510 --> 00:53:06,990 shallow for the problems that have been 1192 00:53:13,130 --> 00:53:11,520 interesting you 100 bar but that's 1193 00:53:14,860 --> 00:53:13,140 probably you're talking about a hundred 1194 00:53:17,780 --> 00:53:14,870 thousand bar that seems a little far off 1195 00:53:21,890 --> 00:53:17,790 yeah so you you gave the question in the 1196 00:53:23,570 --> 00:53:21,900 answer yes so yes with the microwave we 1197 00:53:25,910 --> 00:53:23,580 are seeing a hundred bars this is much 1198 00:53:28,670 --> 00:53:25,920 much much deeper but still with the 1199 00:53:30,890 --> 00:53:28,680 microwave radiometer we we we hope to 1200 00:53:33,260 --> 00:53:30,900 have the water abundance at some point 1201 00:53:36,290 --> 00:53:33,270 and that will definitely help up here 1202 00:53:38,210 --> 00:53:36,300 because the big quest of course that if 1203 00:53:40,940 --> 00:53:38,220 this planet formed beyond the snow line 1204 00:53:42,470 --> 00:53:40,950 the ices the water is going to be what 1205 00:53:44,480 --> 00:53:42,480 represents the heavy element in the 1206 00:53:46,940 --> 00:53:44,490 interior so we want to know they water 1207 00:53:50,840 --> 00:53:46,950 upon us and we don't have that yet so 1208 00:53:56,880 --> 00:53:50,850 yeah so you will help a lot but not on 1209 00:54:04,940 --> 00:54:00,769 and there's one more question anybody